ࡱ>  y7 {bjbjUU %7|7|vltttttttHF1F1F14<Z4LHRt546J6J6J6777IIIINJ"1N"SR$^T ~VbwR-t77"777wRBttJ6J6MRBBB7tJ6tJ6IB7IBBcDttcDJ65 SH-F1c=cDcD\R0RcDViA<VcDBHHtttt A Sense of Smell Institute Sponsored Research Study THE EFFECTS OF ODORS ON OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE MEASURES OF PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE Bryan Raudenbush, Ph.D. Wheeling Jesuit University, Department of Psychology February 10, 2000 Prepared Exclusively for the Sense of Smell Institute The Research & Education Division of The Fragrance Foundation TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION 2 METHOD 6 Participants 6 Stimuli and Inventories 6 Procedure 8 RESULTS 11 Physiological Measures 11 Oxygen saturation 12 Pulse 12 Systolic blood pressure 12 Diastolic blood pressure 12 MAP 12 Workload Measures 13 Mental workload 13 Physical workload 14 Temporal workload 14 Performance 15 Effort 15 Frustration 16 Mood Measures 16 Vigor 17 Fatigue 18 DISCUSSION 19 REFERENCES 23 ABSTRACT Previous research has indicated that the presentation of odors can have both positive and negative effects on the performance of cognitively-based tasks. The present study was designed to extend past research by assessing the effects of odor administration on objective and subjective measures of physical performance. Forty athletes performed a modified 15 minute treadmill exercise stress test under each of four conditions. These conditions consisted of the presentation of one of three odorants (peppermint, jasmine or dimethyl sulfide) or a non-odored control condition via a nasal cannula. During testing, objective physiological variables such as pulse, blood pressure, oxygen saturation and MAP were measured. In addition, more subjective measures of work-load, such as the NASA-TLX (NASA-Task Load Index, Hart & Staveland, 1988; a questionnaire that assesses perceived workload for a given task or how hard the task was for them to complete) and the POMS (Profile of Mood States, McNair, Lorr & Droppleman, 1971; a questionnaire that assesses general mood characteristics) were administered. No significant effects were found for the objective physiological measures for any odorant. However, peppermint odor significantly reduced perceived physical workload, temporal workload, effort and frustration. Self-evaluated performance was also greater in the peppermint condition, and participants rated their level of vigor higher, and their level of fatigue lower. Few to no effects were found for the jasmine or dimethyl sulfide conditions. The implications are particularly salient in regards to enhancing athletic performance using a non-pharmacological aid and as an adjunct to athletic training and physical therapy. INTRODUCTION In the past 10 years, research concerning olfaction has dramatically escalated. A new breed of researchers has tried to connect the workings of the olfactory system and psychological interpretation of odors with areas such as mood, behavior and performance. Many businessess have taken advantage of research findings, and marketed products such as aroma therapy candles. Store owners are even having pleasant odors pumped into their business venues in hopes of attracting and stimulating customers and sales. For example, some bakeries are purposefully venting synthetic cookie or bread smells into the streets to stimulate hunger and coerce customers into their shops. Research on the psychological aspects of odors, particularly in the area of motivating behavior, are few but important. While undergoing a series of creativity and personality tests, Knasko (1992) had 90 subjects answer questions concerning their mood and perceived health. In one session, the testing room was scented with lemon, lavender or dimethyl sulfide, while in another session the testing room was unscented. Fewer health symptoms were reported in the lemon condition and the presence of dimethyl sulfide resulted in the reporting of a less pleasant mood. Similar results were obtained by Knasko, Gilbert and Sabini (1990), when only the suggestion of an odor had been given to subjects, without an actual odor being present. Rottman (1989) found that the presence of jasmine in a testing room enhanced the performance of some individuals on a cognitive task. The presence of jasmine also lead to subjects indicating more interest and motivation in the task. The opposite effects were found for lavender odor, thus leading to the belief that it is not merely the presence of a pleasant odor that effects performance, but something specific to the odorant itself. Finally, in a series of studies, Warm and colleagues investigated the ability of certain odors to enhance performance accuracy on a tedious vigilance or sustained attention task. The bulk of these studies (Dember, Warm & Parasuraman, 1996; Jones, Ruhl, Warm & Dember, 1999; Warm, Dember & Parasuraman, 1991) indicate that subjects were able to detect more critical signals during the vigil when presented with either muguet or peppermint, than were the unscented air control group. Thus, several studies have examined the effects of odorants on cognitive performance tasks, but few have addressed the issue of odorant effects on actual physical performance or behaviors. In one attempt to link odor administration with behavior, Hirsch (1995) investigated whether an odorant applied to a slot-machine in Las Vegas would produce differences in the amount of money gambled in relation to non-scented slot-machines. He found that the amount of money gambled in the slot machines that had a distinct pleasant lemon odor was greater than a distinct mediciny smell or non-odorized machines. The following study is designed to investigate whether the presence of an odorant has any effect on physical performance, in terms of physiological processes or perceived performance workload. Subjects will perform a modified treadmill exercise test under each of four conditions. These conditions will consist of the presentation of one of three odorants (peppermint, jasmine or dimethyl sulfide) or a non-odored control condition. During this time, objective physiological variables such as pulse, blood pressure, oxygen saturation and MAP will be measured. In addition, more subjective measures of work-load, such as the NASA-TLX (NASA-Task Load Index, Hart & Staveland, 1988; a questionnaire that assesses perceived workload for a given task or how hard the task was for them to complete) and the POMS (Profile of Mood States, McNair, Lor & Droppleman, 1971; a questionnaire that assesses general mood characteristics) will be administered. Previous research with the odors chosen for this experiment have shown effects on an individuals ability to perform cognitively-based tasks or to alter mood. In particular, peppermint and jasmine have led to enhanced performance and mood, while dimethyl sulfide has typically decreased mood. The present study will be the first of its kind to examine these odorants in relation to actual physical performance, however, it is reasonable to expect that the results seen in cognitive-based tasks will be mirrored. If odors such as peppermint and jasmine improve the mood, motivation and attentiveness of the participants, physiological stress measurements (such as would be noted in heart rate and blood pressure) should be lower when subjects are presented with these odors. If an odor such as dimethyl sulfide tends to agitate subjects and lower their mood, physiological stress measurements should be increased. Further, subjective ratings of workload should be lower in the peppermint and jasmine conditions, moderate in the non-odorized condition, and greater in the dimethyl sulfide condition. METHOD Participants Participants were 40 young adult volunteers (18 males, 22 females, mean age 20 years). They were selected from a variety of inter-collegiate sports teams at Wheeling Jesuit University whose training regimine required extensive running (e.g., track, soccer, basketball). Participants received financial compensation in the form of $75 following the completion of the experiment. Stimuli and Inventories Peppermint (Fragrance Oil - Aldrich), jasmine (Fragrance Oil - Aldrich) or dimethyl sulfide odor (Aldrich) were added to low flow oxygen (1.3 LPM) via an oxygen concentrator (AirSep - Newlife). These odors were chosen based upon past research indicating that they typically effect cognitively based task performance or mood in some way (either enhancing or degrading). Participants also completed the NASA-TLX (Task Load Index; Hart & Staveland, 1988), which is a subjective scale of mental and physical workload. The TLX is a multi-dimensional scale which measures specific components of workload in a given task along three dimensions related to demands imposed on the participant by the task (mental, physical, temporal), and three dimensions related to the interaction of the participant and the task (effort, frustration, performance). Rating scale definitions are found in Table 1. Subjects were presented with a 12 cm line with endpoints low and high for each aspect of workload and asked to place a mark on the line to indicate their response. Table 1: RATING SCALE DEFINITIONS COMPONENT DESCRIPTIONS MENTAL DEMAND How much mental and perceptual activity was required (e.g., thinking, deciding, calculating, remembering, looking, searching, etc.)? Was the task easy or demanding, simple or complex, exacting or forgiving? PHYSICAL DEMAND How much physical activity was required? Was the task easy or demanding, slow or brisk, slack or strenuous, restful or laborious? TEMPORAL DEMAND How much time pressure did you feel due to the rate or pace at which the tasks or task elements occurred? Was the pace slow and leisurely or rapid and frantic? EFFORT How hard did you have to work (mentally and physically) to accomplish your level of performance? PERFORMANCE How successful do you think you were in accomplishing the goals of the task set by the experimenter (or yourself)? How satisfied were you with your performance in accomplishing these goals? FRUSTRATION LEVEL How insecure, discouraged, irritated, stressed and annoyed versus secure, gratified, content, relaxed and complacent did you feel during the task? The final assessment inventory was the Profile of Mood States. (POMS; McNair, Lorr & Droppleman, 1971). The POMS contains a list of 65 adjectives concerning mood. Subjects indicate the extent to which each adjective describes them at a particular moment using a 5 point scale. For the present investigation, questions were assessed within two sub-scales: fatigue and vigor. Procedure Participants were advised that they should not eat within 3 hours of the testing conditions. Upon entering the testing facility, they were connected to a vital signs monitor (Keller KMS-890+), and baseline measures of oxygen saturation, pulse, blood pressure and MAP were taken. They began the testing under a modified version of the Bruce Protocol (Bruce, 1967), which is by far the most commonly used protocol in treadmill exercise or stress testing and approved by the American Heart Association (AHA, 1997). To minimize any effects of individual differences due to walking/running style, subjects were instructed to walk erect (not bent over), near the front of the belt (to allow for normal strides), and to not use the hand rail for support unless absolutely necessary. Subjects began walking on the treadmill (Cybex Trotter 700T) at 1.7 mph on a 7% grade and progressed to the point of 5 mph on a 15% grade. Table 2 depicts the progression from the beginning to the end of the test. As can be seen, the incline and speed are both increased every 3 minutes until the subject has performed 15 minutes of activity. Table 2: Modified Bruce Protocol Testing Stages of Progression  STAGE SPEED (mph) GRADE TIME (min) CUMULATIVE TIME (min) 1 1.7 7% 3 3 2 2.5 9% 3 6 3 3.4 11% 3 9 4 4.2 13% 3 12 5 5.0 15% 3 15 Participants continued on the treadmill until they had performed 15 minutes of testing, and progressed through the 5 stages of the Bruce Protocol. Research indicates that by the completion of the 5 stages, most, if not all, of the subjects should have reached their target heart rate, thus making this procedure quite adequate in promoting a progressive level of difficulty (Bruce, 1963). Participants performed the protocol four times, each time under a different odor condition, separated by at least 48 hours. During one of the conditions, they completed the test with normal un-odored low-flow oxygen (1.3 LPM) being presented to them through a nasal cannula. The cannula is the type that is used to deliver oxygen in medical settings. In the other conditions, they completed the protocol with the peppermint-, jasmine- or dimethyl sulfide-odored low-flow oxygen being presented to them through a nasal cannula. The order of the conditions they received was randomly assigned. At the end of each condition, participants completed the NASA-TLX questionnaire and the vigor and fatigue sub-scales of the POMS while post-condition physiological measurements were taken. RESULTS PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES Measures of oxygen saturation, pulse, blood pressure and MAP were calculated before and after each odorant condition. For each physiological measure, the difference was taken between these pre and post recordings as an indication of the change in these variables during the experimental session. Mean differences between the pre and post conditions and standard deviations can be found in Table 3. A negative number indicates that the post condition measure was greater than the pre condition measure. Table 3: Physiological Measurement Differences (pre vs. post) and Standard Deviations for the Four Odorant Conditions VARIABLE CONTROL DIMETHYL SULFIDE JASMINE PEPPERMINT O2 1.10 (1.54) 1.00 (2.94) 0.68 (2.30) 0.97 (2.20) PULSE -37.46 (19.17) -41.13 (19.81) -36.83 (19.47) -41.12 (19.71) SYSTOLIC -45.74 (22.83) -38.20 (17.96) -41.48 (23.25) -41.23 (19.87) DIASTOLIC -9.26 (11.05) -11.63 (17.44) -9.36 (17.97) -7.70 (12.79) MAP -19.54 (11.92) -19.42 (12.73) -16.38 (13.10) -20.24 (12.44) One-between (gender), one-within (odor condition) ANOVAs were performed to assess whether the pre-post changes were significant for any of the physiological variables among the odor conditions. Oxygen Saturation There was no effect for odor condition (F3,36=0.32, p>.05), although there was a significant gender effect (F1,12=6.3, p<.05). A greater pre-post change was noted for females (M=2.00, SE=0.42) than males (M=0.50, SE=0.42). The odor condition x gender interaction was not significant (F3,36)=0.32, p>.05. Pulse There was no effect for odor condition (F3,99=0.64, p>.05), gender (F1,33=1.25, p>.05), or the odor condition x gender interaction (F3,99=2.51, p>.05) Systolic Blood Pressure There was no effect for odor condition (F3,102=2.27, p>.05), gender (F1,34=0.05, p>.05), or the odor condition x gender interaction (F3,102=.52, p>.05). Diastolic Blood Pressure There was no effect for odor condition (F3,102=0.56, p>.05), although there was a significant gender effect (F1,34=7.61, p<.01). A greater pre-post change was noted for females (M=-14.33, SE=2.06) than males (M=-6.07, SE=2.17). The odor condition x gender interaction was not significant (F3,102=0.25, p>.05). MAP There was no effect for odor condition (F3,90=0.18, p>.05), although there was a significant gender effect (F1,30=14.25, p<.01). A greater pre-post change was noted for females (M=-23.44, SE=1.73) than males (M=-13.92, SE=1.84). The odor condition x gender interaction was not significant (F3,90=0.61, p>.05). WORKLOAD MEASURES Means and standard deviations for the the six measures of workload can be found in Table 4. Table 4: NASA-TLX Workload Measurement Means and Standard Deviations for the Four Odorant Conditions WORKLOAD COMPONENT CONTROL DIMETHYL SULFIDE JASMINE PEPPERMINT MENTAL 39.76 (26.25) 43.95 (25.91) 42.40 (26.49) 36.32 (25.13) PHYSICAL 65.46 (28.58) 72.21 (22.03) 67.19 (27.66) 60.34 (26.69) TEMPORAL 51.83 (24.04) 49.71 (22.53) 50.02 (24.99) 42.61 (25.79) PERFORMANCE 74.22 (21.12) 73.60 (22.56) 74.29 (25.77) 81.46 (17.33) EFFORT 63.63 (26.07) 66.93 (24.08) 61.74 (28.08) 56.83 (26.40) FRUSTRATION 35.71 (24.34) 35.74 (22.01) 33.21 (23.34) 27.37 (21.49) One-between (gender), one-within (odor condition) ANOVAs were performed to assess whether workload differences were significant among the odor conditions. Mental workload No significant differences were found for odor condition (F3,113=2.06, p>.05), gender (F1,38=1.03, p>.05) or the odor condition x gender interaction (F3,114=0.12, p>.05). Physical workload EMBED Excel.Sheet.8 \* MERGEFORMAT EMBED Excel.Sheet.8 \* MERGEFORMAT A significant difference was found for odor condition (F3,114=4.31, p<.01). Post-hoc contrasts indicated decreased physical workload in the peppermint condition and increased physical workload in the dimethyl sulfide condition, as compared to the control condition (see Figure 1). Physical workload was also lower in the peppermint condition as compared to the dimethyl sulfide condition. No differences were found for gender (F1,38=0.10, p>.05) or the odor condition x gender interaction (F3,114=1.30, p>.05). Temporal workload A significant difference was found for odor condition (F3,114=2.88, p<.05). Post-hoc contrasts indicated decreased temporal workload in the peppermint condition as compared to the control condition (see Figure 2). No differences were found for gender (F1,38=0.10, p>.05) or the odor condition x gender interaction (F3,114=0.65, p>.05). EMBED Excel.Sheet.8 \* MERGEFORMAT Performance EMBED Excel.Sheet.8 \* MERGEFORMAT A significant difference was found for odor condition (F3,114=2.80, p<.05). Post-hoc contrasts indicated greater performance in the peppermint condition as compared with the control, dimethyl sulfide and jasmine conditions (see Figure 3). No differences were found for gender (F1,38=2.36, p>.05) or the odor condition x gender interaction (F3,114=1.04, p>.05). Effort A significant difference was found for odor condition (F3,114=2.86, p<.05). Post-hoc contrasts indicated decreased effort in the peppermint condition as compared to the control condition and the dimethyl sulfide condition (see Figure 4). No differences were found for gender (F1,38=0.02, p>.05) or the odor condition x gender interaction (F3,114=1.42, p>.05). Frustration EMBED Excel.Sheet.8 \* MERGEFORMAT A significant difference was found for odor condition (F3,114=2.79, p<.05). Post-hoc contrasts indicated decreased frustration in the peppermint condition as compared to the control condition and the dimethyl sulfide condition (see Figure 5). No differences were found for gender (F1,38=2.03, p>.05) or the odor condition x gender interaction (F3,114=0.63, p>.05). MOOD MEASURES Means and standard deviations for the POMS sub-scales of vigor and fatigue are shown in Table 5. One-between (gender), one-within (odor condition) ANOVAs were performed to assess whether differences in mood were significant among the odor conditions. Table 5: POMS Subscale Means and Standard Deviations for the Four Odorant Conditions MOOD CONTROL DIMETHYL SULFIDE JASMINE PEPPERMINT VIGOR 17.27 (5.81) 17.78 (5.94) 17.83 (5.46) 19.83 (5.93) FATIGUE 8.12 (5.60) 8.95 (5.46) 7.83 (5.70) 6.49 (4.36) Vigor EMBED Excel.Sheet.8 \* MERGEFORMAT A significant difference was found for odor condition (F3,111=3.27, p<.05). Post-hoc contrasts indicated increased vigor in the peppermint condition as compared to the control condition and the dimethyl sulfide condition (see Figure 6). No differences were found for gender (F1,37=0.44, p>.05) or the odor condition x gender interaction (F3,111=0.39, p>.05). Fatigue EMBED Excel.Sheet.8 \* MERGEFORMAT A significant difference was found for odor condition (F3,111=3.82, p<.05). Post-hoc contrasts indicated decreased fatigue in the peppermint condition as compared to the control condition and the dimethyl sulfide condition (see Figure 7). No differences were found for gender (F1,37=0.66, p>.05) or the odor condition x gender interaction (F3,111=0.26, p>.05). DISCUSSION The present study was designed to determine whether the presentation of odors would alter objective physiological measures and subjective psychological measures related to athletic performance. No significant differences were found among the odor conditions for any of the physiological measurements (oxygen saturation, pulse, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, MAP). However, previous research has indicated that odors can have widespread effects on the human central nervous system (Kobal & Hummel, 1988; Lorig & Schwartz, 1988; Van Toller, 1988). These researchers noted substantial changes in EEG activity during the administration of various odors. More specific to the present investigation, odors have been shown to have effects on heart rate, but the studies typically revolve around learning tasks, in which physiological responses to odors are conditioned through the paired association of stimuli (see Compton, Koch & Arnold, 1977; Herz, 1998). Since no discernable pattern emerged from the physiological data, it is possible that when an athlete is performing at or near their maximum effort, the administration of an odorant will have little to no effect on physiological measures. Physiological effects of odors on athletes may be seen in less stressful physical tasks, such as walking, weight training or general conditioning. Subjective reports of workload and performance were significantly altered through the administration of peppermint odor. This is consistent with several studies in the area of human factors and vigilance (sustained attention). Such studies (e.g., Jones et al., 1999; Dember et al., 1996; Warm et al., 1991) indicate that subjects are able to detect more critical signals during a vigil when presented with peppermint odor as compared with no odor control groups. Rosemary and lavender have also been found to increase the speed of math computations, while lavender additionally increases accuracy of math computations (Diego, Jones, Field, Hernandez-Reif, Schanberg, Kuhn, McAdam, Galamaga & Galamaga, 1998). It is suggested that the mechanism of action is a general stimulating arousal, thus making subjects more aware and attentive to their environment and the particular task at hand. In the present study, the administration of peppermint was associated with subjects reporting that the task was easier (physical workload) and more slowly paced (temporal demand). Several studies have noted that attention to certain aspects of a task tends to make time go more quickly (Vanneri, Pestell, Gray, Della Sala & Nichelli, 1998; Zakay, Block & Tsal, 1999). This decreased attention to time is due primarily to increased attention of other events. Human attention is finite; if attention in several areas are increased, the amount of attention payed particularly to time must be decreased accordingly. Future work should address specifically what aspects of the task an athlete is attending to during the odor conditions. For example, it is conceivable that athletes may pay more close attention to time when the odorant is negative (e.g., This smell is horrible...when is this going to end?), and more attention to their bodies or the task when then odorant is positive. While not statistically different from the control condition, ratings of fatigue, physical workload and effort were greater in the dimethyl sulfide condition, making the above hypothesis tenable. Consistent with the present study, several other reports have indicated dramatic effects of odors on mood. Schiffman, Suggs, and Sattely-Miller (1995) assessed whether the use of cologne would affect mood in males. After wearing colognes for a period of 10 days, males produced less negative ratings of tension, depression, anger, fatigue and confusion than baseline levels when they were not wearing cologne. Other researchers have found similar results (greater relaxation, less anxiety, increased mood) with the scents of lavender and lemon (Knasko, 1992; Romine, Bush, & Geist, 1999; Rottman, 1989; Yagyu, 1994). Although the present study was the first to assess the effects of odorants on physical performance, the effects of peppermint are clearly substantial and important. In an age where athletic competitions are frequently won or lost by mere hundredths of a second, athletes are continually looking for new ways to excel in their sport. One of the greatest hindrances to athletic performance, however, relates to individual motivation. If an athlete feels his or her performance was sub-standard, their confidence can be easily undermined. The goal of the typical sport psychologist is to find ways to increase an athletes motivation, mood and image, without the use of a pharmacological aid. The administration of peppermint odor could serve as an important adjunct to an athletes normal regimen. Obviously, further research is warranted in this area. Most importantly, research needs to address two particular issues. First, stimulus delivery systems need to be designed in such a way as to not interfere with the natural actions of the athlete. One possibility may be impregnation of odors in a Breathe Right Nasal Strip. Since tens of thousands of professional and non-professional athletes are currently using the Breathe Right Nasal Strip in an attempt to augment their performance, the addition of peppermint odor may have an additive or synergistic effect. Second, research must now focus on actual end points of human performance. The question of whether peppermint odor will allow the athlete to perform more sit-ups, dunk more baskets, and complete the 400 Meter dash more quickly, has yet to be determined. REFERENCES American Heart Association (1997). ACC/AHA Guidelines for Exercise Testing. Circulation, 96, 345354. Bruce, R. A. (1963). Exercise testing in adult normal subjects and cardiac patients. Pediatrics, 32, 742-760. Bruce, R. A. (1967). Comparative prevalence of segment S-T depression after maximal exercise in healthy men in Seattle and Taipei. In E. Simonson (Ed.), Physical Activity and the Heart. C. C. Thomas: Springfield, IL. Compton, R. P., Koch, M. D. & Arnold, W. J. (1977). Effect of maternal odor on the cardiac rate of maternally separated infant rats. Physiology & Behavior, 18, 769-773. Dember, W. N., Warm, J. S., & Parasuraman, R. (1996). Olfactory stimulation and sustained attention. In A. Gilbert (Ed.), Compendium of Olfactory Research. pp. 39-46. Diego, M. A., Jones, N. A., Field, T., Hernandez-Reif, M., Schanberg, S., Kuhn, C., McAdam, V., Galamaga, R. & Galamaga, M. (1998). Aromatherapy positively affects mood, EEG patterns of alertness and math computations. International Journal of Neuroscience, 96, 217-224. Hart, S. G. & Staveland, L. E. (1988). Development of a multi-dimensional workload rating scale: Results of empirical and theoretical research. In P. A. Hancock and N. Meshkati (Eds.), Human Mental Workload. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Herz, R. (1998). An examination of objective and subjective measures of experience associated to odors, music and paintings. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 16, 137-152. Hirsch, A. R. (1995). Effects of ambient odors on slot-machine usage in a Las Vegas Casino. Psychology and Marketing, 12, 585-594. Jones, K. S., Ruhl, R. L., Warm, J. S. & Dember, W. N. (1999). Olfaction and vigilance: The role of hedonic value. In M. W. Scerbo & M. Mouloua (Eds.), Automation Technology and Human Performance: Current Research and Trends. London: Erlbaum. Knasko, S. C. (1992). Ambient odors effect on creativity, mood, and perceived health. Chemical Senses, 17, 27-35. Knasko, S. C., Gilbert, A. N. & Sabini, J. (1990). Emotional state, physical well-being, and performance in the presence of feigned ambient odor. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20, 1345-1357. Kobal, G. & Hummel, C. (1989). Cerebral chemosensory evoked potentials elicited by chemical stimulation of the human olfactory and respiratory nasal mucosa. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 71, 241-250. Lorig, T. S. & Schwartz, G. E. (1988). Brain and odor I. Alternation of human EEG by odor administration. Psychobiology, 16, 281-284. McNair, D. M., Lorr, M. & Droppleman, L. F. (1971). Profile of Mood States. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service. Romine, I. J., Bush, A. M. & Geist, C. R. (1999). Lavender aromatherapy in recovery from exercise. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 88, 756758. Rottman, T. R. (1989). The effects of ambient odor on the cognitive performance, mood, and activation, of low and high impulsive individuals in a naturally arousing situation. Doctoral Dissertation. Schiffman, S. S., Suggs, M. S., & Sattely-Miller, E. A., 1995. Effect of pleasant odors on mood of males at midlife: Comparison of African-American and European-American men. Brain Research Bulletin, 36, 31-37. Van Toller, C. (1988). Emotion and the brain. In Van Toller, C. & Dodd, G. (eds.), Perfumery: The Psychology and Biology of Fragrance. London: Chapman Hall, pp. 121-146. Venneri, A., Pestell, S., Gray, C. D., Della Sala, S. & Nichelli, P. (1998). Memory, attention, and estimation of time. Brain & Cognition, 37, 169-172. Warm, J. S., Dember, W. N. & Parasuraman, R. (1991). Effects of olfactory stimulation on performance and stress in a visual sustained attention task. Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists, 42, 199-210. Yagyu, T. (1994). Neurophysiological findings on the effects of fragrance: Lavender and jasmine. Integrative Psychiatry, 10, 6267. Zakay, D., Block, R. A., & Tsal, Y. (1999). Prospective duration estimation and performance. In Gopher, D. & Koriat, A (Eds.), Attention and performance XVII: Cognitive regulation of performance: Interaction of theory and application. Attention and performance. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 557-580. PAGE 27  >5rstuK ="C"D"P"##$$((5(O(--G2N222/335 77799^::::<<<<<þ CJH*^J5CJOJQJ\ CJOJQJ>*CJOJQJ CJH*^J >*CJ^J5CJ\^JCJ^J CJOJQJ5 5OJQJ CJOJQJCJCJOJQJ^J OJQJ^J 5CJ\j5U\mHnHu6   ?@AB[ $a$$a${{5st&Far `^` `^` `^` ^`$a$,BTjW:d`$da$$a$ `^` `^`:;67<"="D"Q"###[%\%(((3(:$If d$Ifd$da$d`3(4(5(?(@(M(N(O(](^(.)/)0)hsksX:$IfD$$IfTx0@pH4 xa $:$Ifa$ d$If3$$IfTx4@4 xa 0)@)A))))))x*y*z********+8D$$IfTx0@pH4 xa:$If d$If $:$Ifa$+++++Y,Z,[,\,--0E2F2G2r22$Ifdd`:$If $:$Ifa$ d$IfD$$IfTx0@pH4 xa222222222222 $:$Ifa$ d$If1$$Ifx4f!f!4 xax 222222222222Lynynynynyn $:$Ifa$ d$If}$$Ifx4r8 :f!8T 4 xax 2222222222222LzozozozozoP $:$Ifa$ d$If{$$Ifxr8 :f!8T 4 xax 2222222233333oT{$$Ifxr8 :f!8T 4 xax $:$Ifa$ d$If 333 3 333333333oT{$$Ifxr8 :f!8T 4 xax d$If $:$Ifa$ 33!3"3&3'3)3*3-3.3/3a\d{$$Ifxr8 :f!8T 4 xax$d:$Ifa$ $:$Ifa$ d$If /34 7 77777999:<:\:]:^:g:h: $:$Ifa$1$$Ifx4f!f!4 xax:$If$If d$Ifd$da$d`h:p:q::::::::::nf:$If}$$Ifx4r ^f!4 xax d$If $:$Ifa$ :::::::::::: d$If $:$Ifa$ $$Ifa$ :::::::::: ;$zrzi^z^z^ $:$Ifa$ $$Ifa$:$If d$If{$$Ifxr ^f!4 xax ; ;;;;;$;%;-;5;6;f0^:$If{$$Ifxr ^f!4 xax $:$Ifa$ $$Ifa$ d$If 6;E;F;U;V;];e;f;g;q;r;f(^:$If{$$Ifxr ^f!4 xax $$Ifa$ d$If $:$Ifa$ r;y;;;;;;;;;;;f{$$Ifxr ^f!4 xax d$If $:$Ifa$ $$Ifa$ ;;;;;;;;;;;;; $:$Ifa$ $$Ifa$:$If d$If ;;;;<<=>>>M?f?@@~~u~u~u~u~u~d`d{$$Ifxr ^f!4 xax <==9=:=>=D=E===============>->.>2>9>:>I>J>N>U>V>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>??9?:???E?F?M?e???????????@@#@%@8@9@A@C@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAAAAVAWA`A CJH*^J >*CJ^JCJ^J^@@AAJBKBLBBBBBBBBBBBB $$Ifa$ $:$Ifa$1$$Ifx4f!f!4 xax:$If d$If$da$d`d`AbAuAvAAAAAAAALBSBBB?EOEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE FFF2F3F5F6F7F8F[F\F]F^F_FFFFFF HHHHHLHMHRHYHZHaHrHHHHHHrIsIwI~IIIĽ j:CJUjl= @ CJUV<CJjm= @ CJUVCJ jCJU5CJ\^J CJH*^JCJ^J >*CJ^JJBBBBBCCCCCCnf] $$Ifa$:$If}$$Ifx4rp^f!p4 xax $:$Ifa$ d$If CC-C.C4CCGCHCVCf^:$If{$$Ifxrp^f!p4 xax $$Ifa$ $:$Ifa$ d$If VCWC]CeCfCtCuC{CCCCf{$$Ifxrp^f!p4 xax $:$Ifa$ $$Ifa$ d$If CCCCCCCCCCCC $$Ifa$ $:$Ifa$ d$If:$If CCCCCCCCCCD(zrzgz^gzg $$Ifa$ $:$Ifa$:$If d$If{$$Ifxrp^f!p4 xax DD DDDDDD,D-D3Df^:$If{$$Ifxrp^f!p4 xax $:$Ifa$ $$Ifa$ d$If 3D;DKEKFKxKyK~KKKKKKKKKKLLLLLLLLLLL M M M/M0M1M2M3MjMkMpMwMxMNNONSNZN[N丱 jCJUji= @ CJUV jCJUjj= @ CJUV jzCJUjk= @ CJUVCJ jCJUCJ^J CJH*^J >*CJ^JFIII"JKKKL M3MN^1&$d%d&d'd+D.Z/ZNOPQd`1)#&$d%d&d'd+D.Z/ZNOPQd1 (&$d%d&d'd+DQ.Z/ZNOPQ [NNNNNNNNNNOOP>PPPPPPPPPP"Q#Q(Q/Q0QRRR R R?R@RERLRMRTR]R^R_RRRRRRRRRRRSSSSSSSSSSbhdhXiZi4k>kkkkk» CJOJQJ jhCJUjg= @ CJUV j(CJUjh= @ CJUVCJ jCJU5CJ\^J CJH*^J >*CJ^JCJ^JGNNNOOOOOOPPP P PPPP $$Ifa$ $:$Ifa$1$$Ifx4f!f!4 xax:$If$If d$Ifd`$da$dP'P(P0P1PPDPEPRPSPnf:$If}$$Ifx4r d^f!4 xax d$If $:$Ifa$ SPYP`PaPnPoPuP|P}P~PPf^:$If{$$Ifxr d^f!4 xax d$If $:$Ifa$ $$Ifa$ PPPPPPPPPPPPP $:$Ifa$ $$Ifa$ d$If PPPPPPTRUR~u~Du~1 `&$d%d&d'd+D+.Z/ZNOPQd`d{$$Ifxr d^f!4 xaxURVR^RRSSSAYBY\\dacff3k4k?kkllm$da$d`1&$d%d&d'd+D.Z/ZNOPQdkl l llllmmmm n@n,oQoSoUop2pppppWqoqqqsqrcrrrrrsssssWttttuuuuYuou*CJOJQJ\^J5CJOJQJ\^J >*CJ^JCJ^JOmNn`oKpLpp~qxrrst#uuu$@$@!@HHHh z#! U3@$@$J HHV z*g.8  Z%>$@$@!@HHHh z#! U3@$@$J HHV z*g.8  Z%>$@$@!@HHHh z#! U3@$@$J HHV z*g.8  Z%>$@$@!@HHHh z#! U3@$@$J HHUAIYdR&Q5 )Ku=^H@}(ahv)4Cr뗐qs@ptƞ4 <,?3j9q*e%wҍ15hl[pJP"*_~y BŕN:OZ%+YLl0VIz~sݲ9/mBI5eXe\[IH-R2c8i 6\ bꖞ:-JUk/}[HI,~4V/lC|Z' %pw5JSm2m .(}Sbò; CpwV8a5 ^>DUy%eHH`^jG!%Ke"_b)Ұ8ٖ,G c۵Pi M^T5ıx$  ۵ҏA@aQމO HϰVEn-ZMRœ= x*!g]kE"+]ODI3dqyKϦ;&- xN|a #;b0|F%IHI <c/Mn'}y$@$ g_ Bƈ{>;$@$@c <㾒HB+g%Z08 Baﲭl$@$@""V2PZ1ۚ5U[ C|IH.!D<cyK&S[asqdny. J[[˖e [ p$@$"Ocl_f[B K' d= =xhmC7i:iusy(N"ѕvE@$@ JoV(1R3$(YlfH HQy#*e@Op1ɘWG8C i㧀G(]lҔce֏\DiB,TT{h >}6ݔI$@wF t5.NVU x$h`ӥh*g#xPprKxe-mU%|, x9'Lԥ#}*6 %04br``/|(OVNQ^KA8^2PHs74[K[:&xN/S JF8B bwxýY;ZTZ)kPNK8+kd#xX%He-:Q} V *NB'H6e)}N%*e<"jmj3y6R{hqS?!?hX]JQ_,|:!BmB-k{s֔AÝ ۿF>_s-cB,`#68mDi]PgoQ6*T{ȋw+/j[u4 Pc(e\B@Z|9p%6jdVsf`KJߟyXF$puMиF1@BI=@Z$_OI93:~V@A YW!ٷ9v8s1YJKtjhmhJݵ>C,};FT%:QmV8Ws-IisyÍ!^@ UˈWX:sB{Yv<Ʃ,srȀ5KCI^mŘYTjC>L HߖHkU `9T07)ҺuHN@JP :(WZ`f7IUY*߿k&}{mVL\㦤蝊~nFq[6L޿dnX&);`}jj*#Pnh\yK0l$@7"=(nbkhRHj͘Put5: z]ι{Jֵ:P 9ZWUQO7SL6}IP B3kU:wad =K"K"d'pŻSإQGO;a+a-3wkOՉhdtϕvlt(SX+՝"|DvkwͰA([ ș f#9SsHBoUn@$xXl8X,j6&k-aa﾿ 9859ym%lA[F0oC-&XY^Jbh۔x% l!XvXoI![g퍌z-ӟ@.x)BF^W=S1GU_x ~Xj{ޞw]/vx!xIm58b~cRIggVH&8!ΩNye:e#~3!!*f @SgG@vSRm i<'WĵOO[ޒZ+m#׫w|s$pǼRQߦ~y3G>Bv/ J ot%/q I ~@1"dj˅&h~| Bqbog4$fӞ#a{wyF OJF+ZO{FRlmxsG 7*~۠gGx#fBУpT'&p;@6YTÛ rVg$^st~X̑ܡHaC(X.՗[{~iZ*VG嘷$H>[7&YϟIէ FCMzdF<#(!P-X Fr.O ɡd]QCHo V\aUݟEu4pۇ# 79EaHU[z#桨Nc9h,J'uR4"654J 4+:U^KCoR >!P zB,-#-boHSn2-&%p;(1#YPdU3.(xyF >|?.,A<P !ؔQyNu儬c^*iZV飹Y`5.!KoSӆͣI`Y%&rKNKHEf߷e|: U>La`Z ~[o' V6'ĨMɀksE^^Ǒ]0l4"`^DUc ) n{HREҠHX|kJ>Q5x &# 鰈VE.F?o,oA6j#})(CZ 8艻 "fy@gpؼ{Zu3|xqؤK Um=vAB@lȚTÑۿHKaDW"d)?)n$0@kymOjD !E dd-Vx:7 yɗUVEHT*( 2m}ݠ@Jke\_lOJv89!-(U($D'(]eIG1Ǜ"8C2@G^E Bt޿p_ijrbD J1}jԞ{G+"^ Jio<*?%ddMCM;|GJ@@g )4ULYh?MX+* v :tAR5#btm-G0PӠ8BexiQ\;'_l*:5篔$"#`Zi$/vCBeOa췬te޸NQ6A-MmUҩ"eOZTkGpvW <5,DlRk_}I Am +)nc6!e#U(=$֊OkF zDN6_Ư}⟆O$p'u|˹k#!b7PFw:q'a PTPW@#A°3pD[R<`ZV_7|Ȇ0_Ñx]8CJ.#:Qbx /Gw=?ห:y%A"$kP9 Vi'fd$5;B8T$$`3i𱖠 ]4޵ j<BJɂT&yo5 ^pFD] fbY1Wxv[a ꎡ<ҶM%M$&=RJ:fʛmi=xc& uǿwVǑ AH s*T=&EQm&Hop@4D6!vɈƵHCÏd#;&I4/?%i]|#ʎ5xnz1ۍЀW1ճ} ރZbw֧kͥi͆2?O;GmmLb'9J-WB;3 mBu+G3&CK^/BF~Ѓ7v1F{qq fz! /x\v׌r F8Pտ_8h/P oBF;@7.`9ƒQȍRjAlcImutp6N@6)UH/H#Mo2kV$I %8a2lDg& 9 ;T̼Ai$E3 w?E^_Qi(rE*%jQyyEBݕ#i[@]Zf($%RI 0sמMyӭ\؆>:H`؈N#?6Y$Xp$>2iU8:= }Vz%!GVX(CЃ75KXs2432 b@\Cli/S=_t/YhnNiQK^5ȔnH{i4yoW{# B\Ay,(R0Uhl<f!+%P2;n`EVi" 75ԈecVL@PkP)ĈGTS0iœCUنqn#4!ԧ(5\f* |ɓ^ken@a/4Ozhq&YZdykupOh *3*RR*,N;kH<MViP8jғ!=&b ((:Fk ۽>^i!vz&We@| dqىepX@ FxHqɈh]+3%&-}N#4^C>ˉ|G E_BNubѿUPO& {(=xgO#mJ`ӡbsР<5,NSV:$vFzB(+)d~7k:~ry1Z|Aw;^w7ǁ>0Ν\$! b0J2ygQ:@CHFVD$*/3 GPYբ*S(S! ݓ\+CjlaֹV:1OitXF+'0⥺;H2H`uR/;DHcm `Khͽ~"ҙ\#PXV:͈GLAT6=3gvZs-2Ǭhe' Tmķe)bp 2g^ҙGP~&C^3shΜ;M2Kγye|v%ebBJRU~\ҹ3' a5BD(2ظt.cwyIXir%yT]8RXr!E~))M:lf^Ib<^ *]8sȦT#O=->;a*0/O©҅y: l2ĄPQ`<&.אS[Or'0XQr)9?% yI|bߦN-jҪYvI`PO$>0KV©"#Y$]9s7e lv}[W3Z~t1cv%f;).0/ţU|feMy%:Js~6N4SGփ7mYqt"F Y56BKa;>Ck"DOer^toj AѮJ;HimTzcRH4Ф(yHIOY2|xJ dy:y s~ MQ+U< }&@tEG$+|\DyNF"A%/)M/Da#*] @(K}M$_.+-Ԑ3bQT*(Q W ;L '$$B$?"!G+KG !E0@t~E;k{a! ={|RK/eneDh˯)ڋOUك s6{{=}@"E-YYuM>.Ed>tKo{x׌GܡF\ *6⻋LgvjN?xl+>" P7F*G% Q4-nGc<~${=xUpBVIo˧b'+6TC>-r+u6x |wrFŦ:(X׼߭T%;lݓ~V鲗 tᧂHK:**k<#e24FCXݦGkRڅ_Rc’CWvxVe{ KS149jߐ>6JH/~K{>ҧεhb䝬Ɍ-\,yG U(y] IcyU3qEU7a򚪾-$W칂PHMco0wXn_v}o xhXP_[ٍa+(TȆyG 6  61po-bCPéZLUT@+V{^|}A`]8mh.}QvQQ7z&B7u@,᥍Ӱj;(f uZ:GHw4d g^_Xix}B͌zNǼ&T^i5@[xzb2Zuo _،yD^@{DFp*[[Rz_Z}<ݸJ!LAJw|f>DuU/hяиVpNyFeT2X"gyP8JlA99B+?!E--lu(el>E]kP)$پsyM{ek0i.}S mAFvGK`ꟴxokC 6^/yWJg?N:U/Ϯc~ :|tb&CuYț,jyU'C9bƲ$ŋ魦Oբf{Pʏv[ӌp+-r,|5v+Qt6F~z_ *)vA,nHUR;|#) ˭lQrF)$tX],Ju%+],WQCv 7+m(ub{; L HceOQlJÂs^g7@e4d&/DZ( 몍VBZ${xcMlF l MIvQ w& uSKhABQTFs/l61mJ{Ո=!I]&z.|lͯZFe^{#86aKV}|d EM&S@~ [~]}tG9P_6 7Jocf/yGķ*p F6ΧC!{ Vo^ DeTD n[t kl}HڶZ[]jZB5)w z(aӅWu:R|t_j}Y}X lNc7(bUMv"ܪq0#pRY4Q M/fx-b>hx6{7>6ydEx0BxQ;-ZٔV9R4H5B֫:iHX!4D~{[ANZPJA! hD#FIkG8*j}żuh.|PP~j#Pnڝ^2h҈nVKCz$s: +A:I $x5A15.>jjb6+oQe ɢuypھ T 1#sη~GfC@E<.R4Iɽe Z$!шӦ \9=;4~q_iX/=9C*Z4t H@ޢR#.;]K ca'R9nǺH:]q6"Q;w P`IPϻPu E*]7AeF[ zP]>C^.r1Cg,V~|apU*R*[!FbQl$$d@l_.kZ6VBYja^N8Ɗ/B(B:= ICufۘ/ښ Ev*  xؚ2 H9!3$l;5t->c@l[Ae{tÄrZȝx>V_.J8Deʎ]Zvt1ՋWI;EB_Ґ{6仡@C?u}1A ߘՇUc5J@۱R5BJ58J00K>`lC uadśAZ6yݲ`N{g 6JA_eJ?uȠxc'Zأă؇XT@qH7^:CIߋ *K_.t# Z?a`ˮn/!-=PO|(b`(`U.*hA{opF Yj3]PDD6";S{vȅcӑ6!CV+0i鵏V#3ç!?sV"Oj|$T$Uf{iZ#,Ԣn>lLnMgZGU5]fu.ňuS,y7uge\J~K!p9,V0;Շ6O?MyQtB#43/L ^.#ghjZצ\Vi _zDJO#dP墾IU!mq,߇Gn}-FD Em@JxfWV&»E' \HixȀDc{8VRc_턇!vR!k,JM@@?/?'A+ѷ6 @#a_ ޏZ䠊YW4LC؍ՈsVt|@tLl$BX#D ջCqtstc3%qt6p z@H_CN<OEW" O|$YP@[(m l$F} OjO(.YS2gy*6>a1{nw"65M u:-C }l!Bf0tIbU[SF9Xl'' ]o PsgoX' =d]suBI;S.<N;#g;z(:L#!>Ӎ2Vp>=w['J5&/a*/bQL q樈'8}骽bKX eRG3Jg@)MޔW,X趞O<~| ^xfZ@>4<gvs[:L;OHx$ \µly!Y};/GlBl7Z7q@ڒ;v&[AQl$L]C/ ~\μKFؤC6Pv:(εLuawxخJ`$Įl}+Ԡ|l|UEp b xt{ :8oVi^g (}'8A~aRn޳k<S?X' чrɖ%tv'KyJ?c?YBUV$uP %LlN3M|2BWMBv5JsO:Ij7KٝDچؙ&_Zi~nN+ _ֺl{[lxWuڧ\穟t!M|7;!+1LD4L, veL/kr/8H=h °x~?rt(Y»S5dq>~= ec'gNl,2e8x'$0KyJ%ZgHc.~dr^v 7;iep~ҹ'I:|BRVt5Cwpg1iJ%Z3x,6PMWPB6i04vz(]y9T%/%jھja6x:2,h%be\\˱R ,}xdP8>iYFT?:IbǺӆ$Hiͽ1iJ%Zf[A`ù4 UW͸s ᐜtCN֒f:#RD3\~#ۨ1F猜_8K_lhɢt2P<].{59>@+#6$$+%}mJ!Q2Xna݂do㦑mQ댍HC > e;ؘ<5e>p2P[K]g[:^O |cbS_@$2J#oFcyv_m(%bѰFz\e# b6cq4҄cQ9++Hn/^u MAZ sQ Ze2)0G7lL]nCDj|[{I7~Ɖ p4QJuC(EhC7 jYueX(||٠pXg*17`Og)P0}@k5e1#:"D<RcC>UP&B_-+ҩBS~?GFbًH1-/=܇tBFCpo˜$|SewMpHHNxԳrl$@ _#]ٌB- {:΅ % )3=Ey+!w. 2 T!%10n;t"CH_yE"\+BJs?Y8wI}{-(oS}D$PAHO(,} "[ᴫ@%C`$ OßJ.UMQwpeDl  M}s;O>i-A~Z"ubx4 <<J"rTo~< :2deH " L bBZ[Ծd C bP_QC;1'y)KH`Y\+-DiBPXe2&#\GAm6 Rښ55 ݬytp>u tJJ;km#oJ\Zp"{=q "DBQހ5)꛿E˰t6 yb|&X%zz&:l,rGB4a5CPԥJoC8S.Q~&,N%e*5Yh6Ior g$[2LYfjCBPBq"~'iח{VR-F$0tf{XnpWԷGHބzޫ,>EXml5"RDGIU`L`U+hyd/~[} ]e،#9OY eѽN摡+Y7[J/zIw8pЏDJ f*jJ'qzP(mdxrKB hs"A5uZ,6&+BpKFG\+tcj&<|@"oKA<Ա{&2D$ /9:h&ix:L%I` \+-A}"UT{]fJdSoyyuyzHIJ?@1{1voN\+gލhJP!2К_s}347ҕ%*)ӋWY U^H&VZ&ck ն2߾9Z=iC!/B?$jIl:lV'|A)O:7mҘ?(vSV.  lS\V$`˓cνWHGn6K%{A! m@>%m9 0*12|V(BSnz3ޤ(gD3Vp9I=4Z*4VCy5KAełb۠ćF ԣDF3d1!Vi9eQ*8|,y \N ^gC}*!89s{FevHSD SVF!t7vnPC u y-Ty$pGp^w 2XNF4JOOPA+AZoKVot-1alZ>"bIs@)u[5Hn@`BjB
[x|%8옗R ļQ!wA 5pmNfYX9n&G,qHH`U6]ȳ_kDyjj S7^ڌ\p+J:Z^#(ܞ/}AF ޾s+r#$B-ٽA]>׏>?jJPn4!+6O Ve xkZ֣ݮs[ԽZf@hOТRdSI I`ZiV Rè}>̘Jx}K5LިTV ^x R It{*CD$A؞`HVC(j=eU *lK)6ۧ2vtwVuĵ{lE9rj }Vf-Bx<~tOGIļ|O(Ixp>ѯ>Y8v۾^Nivн l~T@qد/(4v|X.ZH`=*";0H5 VGoZC~*6Fcz(vVcuw'g̢0ƶӓFektȑx u*p\}a@*Ϯ M`X3u4W4*nDU3F:U4T پRS+`d [iҵQVp/y3B%m,҉H`.7 򨮈,^APp6Xڪ\!%;D_}Iz;`1 5XޡI31Ӱ @dWkдu3Ą%A_WȬ2/i$ 95S "doq}Tg4Pc(]Y0TҲj(G~pid 2h\=Q»vD|8z qCS6^ܪ" !^"GnzSǎG_ Qn&J^Ǒ ܘJu9X5-3` Rlj-gC-<{ 5d;8*x p׈\D`ͦew~>~>֨&_Gk*MKž_ 1Sj^myI' LX+]*wxz}՗%ؾ i_V{J $@Qd!V]ru!8DjH/U9|`TUYiP#[) џԋ1?KZTsX$JP|ɩ9CV_ \fxO 6%TYzDZ6Ğ7X(gz 6H[wZXe]E#r58=$Է:%??" w9O &ByIg~O`V E(crPrtlkxm3+7i 3D5:&1]B2;ϣ~5LēH#K+Dv,DBZ4rwm!%yI iZ_KhBx2 ܂5/=;y 3^cV"7Y=h7\Eeg}t.Dpa xS{^mwXU"u%9ʄRmRif@E*bSQ j~dj*o7j|S cTMv Pօn{F%6e%B7oD@Ǒ 91XLNMAd+_FV UR)A6(aP㖫̑E! $vٷSv4EM:KO#t~5QP 4JogXk(\֐2#a ZnwϣH~G`k>kȒ yh_c=% ͫOC hMc3*֠nr}V7ؗp{IrJ[ 87ћ,?ȆğҴZ7j|5Fra$p{{b#BPg.l6lWpܙր2$e^@fO{ԇa@9XnҬWMQm4K'XfUil>|L5 -\-{ypy Bƿ5&nו2`3+7םG Pɻ sMY@UVپjQ|$i[\lTBYbI ]_͓:U15ꈍ)li <1.ՌrnV QI{ڷ'"-=oXX!T6,' +TZK>/֙zU=t 7*IhF\ftd>ƫxIms? / JY%l0X Jz|VH U4\(!#]$35P@C!8n`EWjHeĂ JT]C5x_|*J9E9CG歹ͬx~I`&״Jv/Lrы*RïC4d*FψbUg:%⥮ZyIHuF:I߳!S1u? !|hdk%$@+%0*] >QZ]k_Q+Esa󚒰MyJ'!d6J^/Г[ak#*!*H:KFeأ ո:I$܊ Wg5鵊s,~C \_Ez)P"=s;5=Qo6IZ}Nh4piTBW6+TkP6h 4Qs(LQ'Ud"; %]g/xD 譖7g#x<J[S7Q<;x<iw=HC32Dk(vDӪC!!,~8%6s_-դXG5*ae`TczWINk{KO fⲑ <kZ%$RW:ؽ:鎠תokAAtN5T{)6 qkHպoKa*v vj6۵Q,\N ֐e¦JE- LJ4C/PBAo‰zfGXV(Se9[wUjN%=@L}$ahJ@E.)([EյDR OX1bWQJ#M2b%V} ns G'pE3$'>CO{^&]i% MGZ<XC5@tqO) Po`"w/P4Ĝ>A{d$YJ=2 9h$z=8q5 LX+]lj 'J[dP"jFZݎyM 5nuttL[4(1&!WN8`!jEjxĢ&cvžR(7u"Q7ª*Esj9\x X*pEn"B7%5u)b,^Gx|ETHߌkG|C﵉ojf 6#P+Az5[W H4| |+tTqq5k{jϳu G }X^50Piә}.: 3hqK5#HLJ7~g.56! TF}!zv˃H%шaC@ۋnlX~aZ6W3X O@d4>h0^hQ S9iBopSO fs,-6bha DSH.Fb`l)cBb-T-.#x0=x( ɍ׈Bs.̱.PfPAB8~ AC2 cv?-Աh"k5m mfÈZ7fA؉úNSY([~;P C2">.QjXfudݻѡ@+zD@34fdLl$@OH`ZiUrv̐>CQfoQ{-5&6 ^NAk5aEWw5=Jytmy%HKKbUJ ؎LRKUEf4P~:Xi|M$RyP%fy4Cx!@o۬P>@@͞^HJE .Ȭo_JmNfQ.#k_V@{ [4=a2q>aom͖ `{83 { L)JIch]PF "؄9n])ƟN?ZZ3JjU3$ll$) ь^g RXu3n;`G$pJ5٢fZ6Z-aqpBEdlČJXs#4߮:Vy=9`1Rݸ?,2$^ƅ ư}JFyc>J8D^:B)4A!N f8@秳?]%ڜXAVejmp*a!zTX_Kp Fa T"l$@G`QT9pUTA~}c]gރ1^Qx i^]q0/Ӈz*'V*nu-C`, ,>@o\wI Lu j;]MU|Bl |ˀ pH#I@\Zѥ(j'qI}5`}6qv*-MF|L X*FL3Tgۈ8˧ی̱.**OŇbxEbk=}ztf IBP`с%p]t\#W&:Mu#Jӎ1KX#ݱbO9PBmnJNWǵc [9FlYG <E^UEGՕս! xσY{]?k!]!ڤu79]uu)&Ww+|jVp2q:T!q혇T`ÐblqQ$@E`U\1BN_yRRYǒH{ȃY}](^ bSH;hU!!(]026 ($n?T"NXuH5@׼pV}T;!!Cy+z_` mF"c<*J԰*]o4WWR»BxWT]efuyޣ 4b c5}YbC Nsi"t^`=-!nq."\rӽbB* D1vtC*C{TFhRM{/t?HTzIHZR $:#7{cc޲}إ0a# ,aS;O@KUS2ZO(#ėiC ywa򷲏r5\2}2Cv{עJ-Ǻ P'%sU5cY[M`TӨ1%?Hc`](M RU"N [%&[KX5w̕$%o?i#i~y~/҈EAcK_k(΅OV+bA=kI8 !vn'cB5u|+*BBXXl6!q#!%6q_?h%8ݥ\}:U=F.ϱbDuy մɁ1PC!{7jyI"]k4zBfz/X!=(ĩఆB$Iu3"8o o <5 Vd(v;ļɼkq-FIj ɘh,j@^ ((^Wlύ=/:TEn.X6- 8^@:"R5 %TM@t_o J|1$A! X$N6H~0@ eJ(^#^/H$p?&NZ%}lPf5T8JpD6&򼤋jhV @us}~.O' *] v ⊉QW.'cPbt&}Te(#5l^;.yn<˼< <;JoPxI&zʰqןʞV:X>QH-+;*}"ڥ'yx$Nh<2gРE>4$l&sFщGip)"bvST=Z%|S ԮS@c']UD#VѼEC 4HHV&XSW5\nïv[_HNK TQ2ߵVSwtͻ!;[3O$0Imq\~4ِ7{A˻ Uw,!&1q GfJl=CHHzw1$ <{\+yW J 5,,F r0:0@HzWPiD75ًHzJ ZRt-ajEYV(שZ_ENqIͬm*J*X+i?LY' ] jBH^s/i\irڧMlǙ l$Aj겎qh F$@Lf BR?>ICAؐcu[BkjgNG;< =& ]h6E.i qϵ.ji(ɪzt_Q <0jWj; eR3gkmnGzSE^_xk$@S+l_ ^;Q'*ɊEœfveJw8,l @>*0x#$@$+WJ2/Y,6KkrMM O oUnOQ>zINB!' ;'pu^iv2(ڲÆ Z|~| j>t|@$@7'0!VIh+IHf7 r'_u@J +ESs 8&? 6 yRS=G]| $@$JP&N/{)n~hF7NInI`Ziv('Ͽ'O-3S[2 `Nc2"J{'n8xf82"K΢l<Qx2Y7c ~?ؚҽo"% ވy L@ȸN v83O# JY%,nqÏpMhoGuI+8TtC{9=UBlPRA":Օc ^QUsPT_Ey2 mLJ+bjostպYQF^01OfB$˭R㇜Zj \I!*C)M'MS,x^ \`p#t+2:B hBnK/ֽ;6 3a:lsgDɒr͊=.I.Ø䭶1v?f)e<  { pOj/Pv*Eg BkyJf$@7#pMb R4?mm5Ah*H֠5 X1=x%R*2<{$#TOE2&K -g׹y$@$pUg咱9ptUo./'=*]vBA &pU9䘧4VJRÿldѽSʱ.O' u8*E|#To(n9 !![9+]ț VI0]Dx"Q/|tF^"2B.O& 8*=)<=JΰuhRbIP젼zM GIH`%ηJ+F̛& :;5T< "|h m2X7QCng'El( -6c1xcxWxPHdm]Ip;<υRȜ/V5qz3B$@KXRA[l' Y<3%^S@*eC droQ3\9;(>47P G?QV2{yH`m&{ 9p%) qPD1i,~ݐTCmA&sg$@"07*! ,K:>|F {K%?׷{Gn2i{ ViOhTOXgAx]Ԇ2|ljy&*F$@H`UBRA!([n>DXKܓHDgoT1[x= &NZ%/lV6/*;U?V1W_6xPvA V ZYNHkTe *ɰeIH`9G(:_ؖ%Pdfe(m7#6${' J6)A((:a9T.i,O?\+AX9t΅y ,F`U:K6*HTQ›ouS9(= ܈I  F$cXZxtߠٴ$2Y '1x CX1"yijva%Էr+ \]RW-=GԠһװI(QF$@IM+ v/^3Yٰ9 <gEZL)ÎHHN+a4J\uT|1K6ǏO,tH̹tg~5%%+g7@$K\+((rr"ށHJ3W?%#?h qw9r `ʞF) +9rypHf"@4K bNзpRU~ݠ{(_z=O$@$@i19IS7xA&ɞ"8$@wJVi%Fw:[LއD+H$@t&OyZVȢsg$@+!@-g?$dtA$03Z]*Pgwݩ^)p N$phV2o*26#SjSs $@yadD/J'I $@ti3Y¡Tb5CFH+X\DNYo1V ,LViauB(,+* EhR+9iϦJ{a$@$,Ze~{jR>kes1(+~t3n4Ŧnt7, D3ڍ PelнڈJ)BaF$PhXo*qO$p; W"khCKb(kЖ$>7I ֢˙Ǒ zn4arHM ^Th;jtHR׷ϟn4k, [G09&4)Y8Khh5dO ɃQZs$@ZjT:RV>-]c"tTRKsIH` \+-Au>ƥ%pŔL2ӔNIo5_sծEwdOTT g# {#Ҋg, #"5Љ6%7ѕlRiSs &ϟC 2tZga!EƲuIJoX)eJxRE-W4*h;\y \uyb[ n?qV]li +! U fQžN{)+mp UdZdæ&Ԁy Zp[J`P+Ϟ.t:$@$p Jנkh݈ʜMɍbcq$@$jJWYzJ88rO]i \ҕ@2EF^蒥Hҕf[I# ɲ ҕɎ^+]iX ҵ#mdohmk ! UUth׉֛JeHH> *]iޒ9Kŵҕx2$@wJVJgl"3HHcJWz:b ,+ ! uU|_QbZ)"fO?Zw hwY6"K1:ڡh/R{2$@$JW":9 ͺ/2>cG$@k&@th)C#G/vHH`h4?))!Mrc/gP^eX`<H1wyJ8OBѕ懗!X Z+MD1 G+ )zV2$@+!@tգEóQŕː :*]iD+~ Dit~ny ocs"Q#} p$@$0HskŠF{1" 9س ;" GyɬUth\. #5KW&^H`!c]?_d~4'g[7_h4? JMd: E,#%7>~d<HMVJM6ѫ@ X3Z+NZm푋bMW ^H%@,߿{W Q#4E%ITiW6 xJךekYaEݼ lkMC$pcJW7ѷF;A)=' U\g0vKMfhH2JvPj5"i]bpcimѡ d# '@t9κWneCBR/# UUȄ0:y2<6 xJW!WAlGFwIH`h<+61rx6q{F_yx9 ޵ *n7I,Pc|Ӹny \u{lR8:_+A42'_]yNu0Ay!wyHnD`F{˺DG;D vΩpxC$@@Vʳt"6ytdx+/|7 LVifqYֵMS`s ݵ1tC\w <h8-ڬcñ$Ki4aH$pEZ4kwYHnFV'k;EAuF?_G$@$@tiWx%KdܪHH68tmZ~35|uFvHH8tEؓ/KyQB ^XF7MO  5JZӨy, A ft=IH`O@ uh]xG+ ܂[ ٯ)M&z֢}OBVi3KBQrx$@$0Z@.M;++Y, #ï>vetLRx(F$@wKw;u? |nBd L)Hw[Ha#L ꦘR,_ un]ѐ sUzݓ *k>8 xnJ={ XZuGC$@MVwO$@"@hHH *`Kf`%IҕgI wW,/G$@AVDL/HH~&@t"(-Rdm+cHҕgj ̝#JWNlmey9 JW'%Ph|Y^HҕoWˑ ZPy)9xl$@$h6YXz3DpPW'^HhiEdͥ6}P#y0 ;'@t L䔬(^f)7/i77cH$@+$@tI)2 GɋV^8OW'^H$-E)(FgѶ)v=~׺^H!@_tj,;4l*5y}x }#6,dֲm~$M Nv֌ZTAОw;HHG!rd&JK?>F4bUFdamֺ8QZ=( 5lLyZz? :mUSEOb2jnR̞J $f( R$ ghQq"PQayb$@ ZiAz#ސ抿!jLP_I"IVRȩF WL <9FlD?}?[I cJ.a}=;g7ix<H=xgNi׹ a5MYX2JW@%ԟ=LjVǙi$@$$ )SNؠ&^ck8> @`kon RA}M*v͠ʹ&YGҦUD\~HH`Rdݮ)d-\)y $FYo%4㇜^f =۵PuMsAQ2vv4oXb?D }p7V vCtA1ZfJ@K=!506PȟWl$@$p&X/@>U]7B(t"iٴ4Jw FnƬ|(LS>Be!wiO#& ;Iae&z"wk#uq(HH; <) ,_k;҃R}kZkzy7$@܍OBnQm/Y$L;[uu 78ȍAH"wZG) iRBlUx5&zAQϻ$@Gn$NF[L %=\SR":*xx6 woobM&Jx1`x; Fٳ:ϼ-xN=xQ`sEI@v@0"׭1P>˻&xz_+!@z:ߌLѠl :%΃ȳHVJJɻ>o֝HANVzY L&}%SM[>H\ރV,:&r$@@RJCxתxPy  j=xr(Vם7R$֠D8:fl'I[R'j&4kzw`VnPR":TKIH`V$wPJ&Ħ?,"*HΎc# y_Ij%DBB }3W%PmCL1#BƀPso} Qhnk}Y(v}CW M`uldG^5YRCbNi j<=F.{X پ >HH&A.CMjEb6t"@9.ndTKVm*/ =:F`WHR3Ȧw2`́+eog2:\Pqs[l AMHDӷ\i[D!M=gy$@$j#:$p[x+]V)zԠlq34CI8bL4 K:D|WEZ 927mݏE$@L஭R XL!*%RaJ*EPSmOvoej(o", <; Viu}(=t3m|!ʮ7l͋oV<4})t[Ͷ{RgU L%:.<䙚ΚYj5ӨCQ5?}wMwXA~:Ƌ,XNǓ <" kY*-QOf]#ͣ}XaX C`UZO52TnaWbV+mKڛI-|HM`uk%CY<;ȠT`!ÀR;ƏHH`5yTMxi [WVʦhI5;6  X>m&0JBJHHJ2f# Y% 0X4`եt#o3axVZz? b^,e|wyJJ$isæ7}ڢ- mEU]Ԡs*A|h-Zm ǵEH3u𾒭4,fz7=y]uM>KHH`:WBYRdYfjX%i"Y(4SHH`I7RkWԋ|.xEl$@$@k'0Ƴ$-%JUha7LFHHa L*IQMljս&EzWvkͅ &X\fY/l֊DbP]\= J(ἋIHBfV)EӌZv*D;\"/B$@$0Y%Y5*Lng ܶQ)s7S^HHZnfC9(=(!)) ~! Y*e35A5[v /:ᰝd4SNHHZnw('Jڏ""uV h҇w'!  C ^AܶIm9cy$BѹwPe/$@$p%7[+.br4T-UBH8;~Օ惗! $pk%e Mx5^"\ Ŋ2t9_>%% X!E;IDid< 5HFtD&CۈLlPb# X { Jݻ>GI<HVMVɤ2ܶIUHHNU6bo_7F!  U҈+x36QR\ua;  )n;*fRn6)y, Ln,(f3: -gy`7$@$@BF(LNS@?N  YE,rQ"$٢l"%VEqiUIHI \*mD?2msEniMj oH&pxy:gW%8dU$czFl$@$@JjV wJs V(6d#l! @j^I'@]sm!/t6LwJ$@$pk /EIڰs*< Hbc c\ex  ZI\&4L .TBQ%TƘ۹~HH&gP0}z Z LJWvqJCXY 9HH!\*5IGnKH;H5fś  &p54(ms߁})5蜍HH \m6/}^(2O-HլR5 5r-+C& !0Mg1ClJ33% xbWJ}̥81H|%6  'UҢN·lkUr+t"oH@`q&0;XWivHnG`qԣNWmya]=<2 N`q$brgI-6;$ X*5}f}e1ZU+ J VɛRЩ*9 4;$ A`ȳ/ȾE݊7 )PCHH6֤ScY+x*l$@$@O`9V{QaAȋg7zs !U %QWIg/'c0ɍEC$@$p7JڊVTa4oNHc;oHHvpl:T»4_3⦳ CXERw":R3s(ᴟMVoѱ;  ̽>NF~oFbdڲ\ ܔM|5gM)??jC  eB.fLDYJuw`# xy4袤+/PT 7VaE rViG2Wl$@$@C`9%|k#EQR3 CY% vh^z;4[| ܔr1xz=.XnUJF7 ^H*b-:ngQd}:ivoHb3 %ph"6.NVob$ +B>3 =xZ?^Gm_skeA6  %p5IX#kr;#O# 0ƞ2A'akYu? ӭRPL>,k\tU6BL$@$p&[%iJEQ&{S}(IH."0*%݈$y2 lRw"f=+h;d]YI$@A`rSR%^:aIHxy$@J`,ژ7ATvNbs#q5aQ,HHLiٵl[8q^IdFUHH<=x*|fVa~:o^y  f񭞜_h8  k%!A.P-kŵ# ,M`ɵQ. 7ɴ”= h7K߇,$@$@!@HHHh z#! U3@$@$J HHV z*g.8  Z%>$@$@!@HHHh z#! U3@$@$J HHV z*g.8  Z%>$@$@!@HHHh z#! U3@$@$J HHV z*g.8  Z%>$@$@!@HHHh z#! U3@$@$J HHV z*g.8  Z%>$@$@!@HHHh z#! U3@$@$J HHV z*g.8  Z%>$@$@!@HHHh d$$eG)d)2^/ QFPDƏl"v۸d'uNw|ݷoUbK$1rRi%2p c-]\2^?v23S{ Uep^=H>ߧq1,|"ah-,VʟѢ++NF'-s1 ~Lp@a]# q>88@yL@E#=s*˘)FדïYůƓ5Ţ=}/u/&B^Fc}jꓞQ2#m!slTZӧY YCEPgڷQ_:wݮBE;.]F}GFJzzح6jLڈG-v+vB׃7 *L۪G 4 zY{zfzKF_RtnppKc#>#==qnj\sw8 CϾ*}ČSC%`nvJ(*a{>V/q\O6B[īZɇ[1!31Yh{ڞ <0Rlfv?za4^xddt ! -Vzuv&Xd^V3}8|ݚF gޓk=/#//&6W3?:GVjVDoPXU&i!NuwzeW7wsa&]}#&Ur G]4**DmF0̓`B1JÉ)>D/zbq"%ֱw>l}'WG 9LV#⪾N*Rlgbl$.,)(˴3.zreLŻ׻-燥wOx=(ěWh00n#E5絜6Tk~~5Vl^ƙt?m+S z8*OaZ;G/kș=k,"~rsWӴj]&cqL;rנca7u&6~a; 4~?eo^-Gžͭ߹k^J+kz9hh^HA5Vͭw:+zu ݟ{:( f$6IQ}MYPqffqAf%::vSѣsGЭEA[ܱnXn:L+L2waH8ZeVI,*S8ҚEo%):Q^UL3OjODF*po hO>M{WZ;NE(-;q8Ihvk8DsꖪvǾ}mEk=iQ Vn8D}5e}b-*(lzcyQpvzǮLf:\Ea.]/7DYl$wXGHL @\XEj8*/+hdYlА( ٟ<2j}4אIkuߛ>M7̬3a^Yo"ˠHC.˛nwMZm~vt Nq$f*XN!0F2ߠZM+d/35T̾dbG`Jr{Z1ԋ)aC/wzܦi|WMrRNaֻ42 %tWvlY`LJ{| 502Ѝ[awurw!Y6a00%cAJFo ً6= ?`&*uTUI(}fO,MgDH{CC";.NZSPC9X(1q:'JwrZi[ƃm) z\h} {0/mR\5; 4'ϟ~ǭ܆-V-Vx Y_o]~n]o0*zMh7#oq J[M4qr `6 j1o5|ŸwC;j%tl8%!>SaXQCq@}ߕ8,W@i\gy%NN0F~ؕ}Ena杫z܊g_;_*Ü8 Ns=uě ӇC\9g&69*fbf5uMzWTɍ\=^t$\1nز*愦2a(‘bê0wh2[ @x}crnlWe+ПO~|= :k>{H̚xavCMp<}ڟk{N-(FОO&9=߰sin|X}d+zfIy{@%+E>e ayڧuCR9 S:Ji_g`ô54-N\?R)t(c]2Z6;h\/'(Zib3/ ٭7r}8f'G>Vߺtɞ[LPUy=-/ 8T IѿƈQNVMOc3\*F`r4Uv-Z*=W"+F1& k4l6(\D0y拘\ݯ]YO]S5HF)FPQ?xzLZwAԘBjM=?D LocV \=ԅAVow^rZt=IYx%Ȧ PeVbh_ȭK9Ac7s*[9#1%yWYחSNn)u@m4,[n;5Ns Sﹸ_49ծd﮲Y?WP̂̀s.5x'O> Jw* |Y) 8y:aXWclpb$^7Fpczy䓠4 T6{OuqRIE9( $R"ڛ(LS-TWVefطgςX-//0gz,Mt3g|[۬9>)ؚΠmx3w~H%!T /AWeW|!ga࡫+L"gX]M~ײ_=&Bi}#tۺv?3E)B%8Qx":ttG5iu3]La+ʷt+~򆔶–sjz^:U %~A4pr'{pȑ*]yߢ3bIQbJq~g3GD&Ex4Mm{ de%.rd`PQ1\T=ꇊ~aMJ%L"(Fl^b`pėa;K-ÚQ`+ 5H d068$27kl^vHd׹q4 ' ~.9>ƾd8 y`J T8PU)W)vDNÇmXZ̼vh '"aN3.uOXh#cMm9]$Jicݣ~N_|?ZE.j0‚ d[vKYys\kk`ᩩ]{_7g~a[ f9ݑTJZmO,l^+3engITC-lk+)\=sp}=e_ R8S-4iR<]u'B(\k`[} -Bjlؐ K=XdZacզ\\gjCgfhsvvp[vѣs=ufՐ_e>}Ǡꏏɾ(: C,X]Ϯ[Z؞OڤO*,s  IցwUYw|W܆\Q`)"n_[:h%I`l lM UiI y 0uH5oe0ܑYب 8y\e?&C:Zάvn/~{Oy4x0`v|0uq$j&q8-J俌]oCBkߌ.T+R2|KJ%*1dO[[*FT!,\Bq3JG(5׏tQfNzXJ.׋;"R 4gJ ˍ?ȩ?TJ'Xp4n?P_X*D{Әٱ3@jez7Ҳ35RXS%roH̴TB'n^^c>V9C4".N&e LQ%*Y\_kO;jI=k8iYTb J ܵ냗 #X3J?"gz"ϓ_iCەJ5Gf f - X;ͅ}FIK^>-j^3ЕPSK]lݧ&kgcrN9^SCQg;\-_ L€ObxLjC)I#m:ùK[anPl8>"B9ݛdZ X=7< OLzfhkc%o7"yCAn,$YI-OZ@ATLF 8ax1$c   㰹*=7GA~8_l;GL3~ϓϲ(A=@ ^5Oyd_AҎ}NJ5w8dk9fEw${̷ɛ-H^6U7z6Ggcw= n>LHp8T  ܕ^ FmP! >\$2'GQ`~ &B)Ro98|C+p(_`㖸!l P'ɤHĪ!E"E"TO+7xV$I_+UPCjR ',7 yT?qM>W v[PS$+ G\o,1!A_crB"2l8x{62•,e=W.-B}<)=cs)Gc&<[UD,=azaq!l3CϪ9խj(bW ~N/6ܖqN"̮cn}l 91UHr"I f-KQvt"3+πR䵰6j_yMΛtxRoS"&f>w0IYҍqwWԏ~?n9[*q[kBguyM)*4v̻يpgb59syRINI?ŏKcTڷUx2tP%cHAJ]awx.1KUxی;?q}.+zdT:d)] c0;x1.H@sj7?a"m$d=_ǻxJyx2R[p}8#"޳1GK^vB-f PJ{r%F9 a3ɍuœpW:9bw+MVH9%+MJf:uN7OuԕM1k\NZuįnS=NW7㻞j"a>RcHLDHǘZll,ɀDvy?t*AӱʝJbDxfwH~AR/wjߘjSlW\$)؎>FJ a%hR_+LΕ?@päh%lvwtC*wL҉,Sk\R;x:@}뽔TKՋvLa@3|ڜ4<wuOzoa)"%JO.rͬy+>jwj-60 |p#*s }uy[Ul%5u>ٟ%07VD&Q34?U {27}{Yj?FC g!q=_#QDM}@Ziq|nJ$ Q;n^‰ K&jdY+*<\  J|?КY"!1"zt'Pc=7@SDjAbvL*;n$4K5印&Z $aAܧ0n>A( myv(רּ(%kqVM̌xCOǗZY{VBiŻ1yCALoId}?Gs)oɼO* Y=f6o,ýn}$qmMnCI,wH~8~thc%m?~;zg:Y}y`M&ޕT! x0KkEι44?%fY:H¤2\(с͖n'X![:GO-E>=@a{Ycu74z*fۅ|M~\u0 `z~JX l8cs(d| p 0)lpgWʂۀ'ꙧ/;ggWxzX'od5<;3U?,.C(eER oĞNpJ1z[ס˫~D"CxC!&L9SBBLGc ( I筌Bv?Tsh)p3JR.B#S4bl@)!q޺xMvx/Bn})~[9C+^g7V}'uR1nC8>xef;` Aϒ7tD0ތ_S7 >:4t`_jBT :1X}UF{ H܏ OI5_*ϝ|Mt폺O`o96\7h+7qgg󎗀:$O;$|-[˅WPe~ԣ"5X}_BwY.su+U\{00+]CG4ѭVKJoOWHṊ~XvJ}tgVv ,$Ir~zz;IIHaJGҲ%~KW]4'w>o[˝NdƆaᝌgnX"%u䲂j||\x9q[g%6)SQ9K*4-ϡ4-W ;c8AY ,j 3?%.1MpH>'_)E׻+%3sHC(x ҎBg y n~eyP>'吷 s:lҴ̡5Sxl'/UEjl9nǕaF!Ԉ.ICS$$&DHX9TD^S|z\D&IT)+`$=aJjtN/Jn?ͦ]"e~%w 8(ΰSb﷛oدBo ~ǥ|0mJv~Sk"3 x% VWqGN?djV+QcZob%}NВFlq|X'["t:܎K_t~yAob,b~RVw.4ΗI(ؾ!h+!0)E| ajQ؎:ik99~DXjj܅-9cl/U)3|'OBƱ\+{lф1!FaҎ4>딭 .._N)2*J5/uyD$۸T6ZMS:K?)5_6opI<}ՑuituJL~璝>["TBqKUȳ&_u6AXܖ>.$<׍!%9%aޤ(2y :iK^*'ng^gB݊ܜ^~Ln&tY_Vgq ]2:\Up+zg@:nT{P5n6"5*7vu+B~%Rz2_s {}rw%qvVH ˺ {eꩨHn,xT5 uޘT.ɜm]w]«~G6Th{U]# ,Q~9L)՞TRw$MD>gH,[êu%m&;rio/nщR?jOw‘U֘Aqj cֆQ'8؟72gtӼ+Õ6b_P|t:SMxka6L-՞Id{k \ w8v kﱈ[竓eW[ M%/㎆VV9'}<{{ʳCom1yՂq1V ?{.,ClgzRz:s[U< LN_e޴ocuͣuzO@`3Ot*5/OdǏ89Qs̏[iup{1<}߅=| {03 47:R_$?]N" AT1ojb}y-~Ox4A"Ѝ?qgx[uBC"w83+^<=#~p4ͺE¾>,_|wbyF.O ðQGtDb>)ηRoPC\~!e%у OR1h8Wng2q% QtxycT0~JG9-X}RMU587@El '9jr&!iɱ.ŋ@2,ݜ>Z:,~<5Q͉a5\o_֗#bJ U&5xZ ŤBz*f4Wq|՚OХ*R?_X( [X Jy6??KȒ!MPˢ9 !5|ɮ}M΢*3LrR6^LfBT ]E\UyUvd RNI:?SIFߑuaY\ly/=K-GOEw[gn>`+G w8>*jphϻ*(%`7UMoS|ʅD m-r;;[smwxUQO|) Vvv 0TLJq6%)23]Rt'5r$~`FF[j_ ӫpHm,9{tU>O gz|ȭE'aV=4y9q]Uvj„˫c.VlLb|7w<(U.lÇ&,xoy3FtRQtwb,SlՒ~ !L*ʹv tMԲ=;ygKg;~H5@`Tb;^*JԎ#Ԅ*6#I͎LiB@4ix;Ws;Log/ .M-ŞK'.Bc%9[û߫#ˇQ]a1'KbZk9x[FyW=5q;Nd 7*Fh1䤄oD}/[*PĽḪVnzZ]QmazO_:nibI(a DŽWxnz$S{2]{6Fk2/ gR$pcn-_Eg?= Ο; )Ǭb ߦg'{3R]+?<Lyv'H /Ϭzf0T?<7KMFHu\4>%-m;~ez'_D3R%2S}vEa.p܃~ǑyfiW"Q;:Տ+MwxYh':;O7{Lv^ᩓg{qKi?ASfobj>P\}-19:U#gJ4,"M+qK}C/<14wķX:M,zFN5insǡ< Pd휨 0N?!gUuuwq[ʞc<7w%F=!]'}# I73;)mR vIP,1giX[r:"!u p6D+9ovv\ ٗ40Ui+>tvKwDa!"8 L@> Ir+%Xwoc[Ųbd{LhjbldXjyBgW;1䓋rDm}8fGV#)C-tR xr9cᜒNVr;!F#z T#Ɯ , l^ V`#qs,Fy|*Ӎ[S~ M+e?gv6,o٫pG.0'[r;c Ñ=+3cYѭq-79KqkG`';aH` c0`7:}^lQܱ(ZA>dHՇSߟG~grqIY# J099''TQDJ[ybgީ[U{9E2I.IdfjBV_OrmpdT,p0ZH Aņ3  mfo.Zt.4=t5@ux/Fs :\1L:AxI=&DC`zS;)ݏHmۇ>E8p}y.}(8}\# _7Bbr߸&wjpN@tst[oJߌƃ)v\j \9 Dhs'/y1tF4D tCwթ7ikﲸXPpfq7(y,Zl/JZHS'@`R*E:E"p(\ҥy'7[5pL=y~h7 ;z1}cq#_gu',5e-Ny%a|MH8E#AFiz?sc='DMb6foGygZ|K~&R:x4I;EPg,g$T:58x+T$V.hq>1qDƊU9k5?9'j/.j퀗>-?hf]Er:"EN = LJc`1KfطN 9o$Z:靆|,sտV rk|7 ky.mī&|ì:|X jl #A'7p_:ڳI.fߛ ?ȂNB|>$o ݦMJC35:n'Ds7G))9NTh{3)-2]$%xC<ưyIwv,*sXSbiv͉x)M 4p9!< R~?303s X7lD%ۦW&l֚]}< 6j svJg~z's;+jH~vlE-p"nɫIb腋 ӾHgg/;{#m4㗪VBD[_pV8fT0%<'9uwT6}0Y罷DGg{`q?*_;CkN^շQ]ފ΋ '$"Fq ZZC~=AxQURת>m mڊXe7z7(KG+3+I;UtsWrd|iPS49ʢ}l &v%SY?8w7(jFQ5#9/nȡ=6Y.&כ%VaXĉt±c{Q 5'vrСt MofVOxDOMaWB TE*8@=>r磫?_y&5tZdx;_ 띜 olCPPgO$偂@A P(- @A5E*YQ( ׃@J3%@A PR@A p=t=cQZR( E*9P( ׃@J3%@A PR@A p=t=cQZR( E*9P( ׃@J3%@A PR@A p=t=cQZR( E*9P( ׃@J3%@A PR@A p=t=cQZR( E*9P( ׃@J3%@A PR@A p=t=cQZR( E*9P( ׃@J3%@A PR@A p=t=cQZR( E*9P( ׃@J3%@A PR@A p=t=cQZR( E*9P( ׃@J3%@A PR@A p=t=cQZR( E*9P( ׃@J3%@A PR@A p=t=cQZR( E*9P( ׃@J3%@A P'^xi ±tRA?iJ /Y)lL oEPG#F0u5sEܕ>~z#z]I/O{qS)÷CIW](|U]铎|\3 ʻo5r-:O:@Ju佭C{FH*}Fu'DWarڿ@Ak"P'wyG$ZzܦI4 U(R铎܏w6S?^ ~xOZi"שOڿ@A"0)vLBбo_/G"~afPGŌ~4B ?7t\doP9dt@p I\Xf5*'bOw_NWZ~Y2/dr{o x@x\9}dmכ9D08h;$_l u =3j/&5qJ ; {*!F{V"כN&]ESڵo.^(j,yRi[{5{t ZUREcۨ;ޱCLM_h`j Pt. 5Q_~8.={!P a)^{Iw3utn򮴱|:5h: czW)uWcWꔩ*=q&mUkC7*l$':eiG!םVm}5w7C^#/ћ Y5KM4Kߩ"Ψ;Q{L=\(T/]r6J*lm˲ۜk|n^8X5!S7]~̍sar?Y{Yېk>s{!ZDʬn?AB UOPċ?qxgpu.d^|x:7)+7\Kk+]JkѴ9uP(D< - P(\#7;I8+Y7-}Y׳oylK[~H  pR7d- `EkG=p}y PznV* 1$严Bdj+ojT>_(J%#\BybZ@/nCj%*wVa P(J%\M - $=?_RËw[bJ) WJ%>5nGX ߰Z3zV` P(AfzᡎEJ\'z QL=Y-r?PdΤ* ܮTzs-|)x  ܼTqK#d- _ J5n s훋~_z[(\7/>k AЬp}S P(KODR毾U[(|1n^*}ָj7XJA P:ܼTqK΄^ӂ@As#pR-夋w{v 7>X9Rf\ۗJss-Mꇛ|sKt 0b#~vU02s}3-޳y P8RB[Rmľ+| PC@cXPf*".V}tND dsKu̫dk,BgbVyx>+ ~ƪaϧN7H)'bOwCϘ-ݹ^4%<3?wٰ(Oކfs6ym^D?{~QY/~tN ."at8k֙%A*duգ 6"TzObL3mv˩7x1w_=zV^Cs ~[IaR à_?1+2uHDƲr)iq< $őhl,͙(o)R^fTZg{/(tg>TgtT?H*A@Ai/t=Lam$m+f/:mz%>]/Uf!A~𣤒|Cof l`7Ǧ[?O}˩6]JZ\;9t 70N<4]3(Fz*yJYf]igshCI.Q# ?\J^a/r 5QjWeן>i:DF}5jdK_^;Prt^>vf]){d X 37"6];JT{Sʞ~}עh'd>ȣ~=5Rw>y,M}v3v4JlO7ks"jH8 nsF_mcsWv6fzLy9 ik|Mi˕!i脗~ƍB8\?g­ m0$=ilhjǠ?ͯ/Q9M>QĘ-mqԌ̄ccR9Z3 yup~ gKlΗyli񬂺C(J/. ڄ_]cy}|vv/'5=